The Capstone Years
Didem Bugay • February 5, 2024

There are key times in children’s lives when they can consolidate emerging parts of themselves before moving into a new area of growth and change. Three significant times of change for young people are around age six, around age twelve, and around age fifteen, the Kindergarten, 6th-grade, and high school freshman years. Both biology and Montessori theory offer insight into why these are significant times in children’s lives.  


Montessori’s Planes of Development


Dr. Maria Montessori believed that children’s work is to construct the adults they will become. This is really important work! Adults can support children’s self-construction, but not do it for them. Children can accomplish self-construction through their activities and interactions with the environment. 


Dr. Montessori’s observations of this self-construction led her to develop a theory of four planes of development. When looking at children’s development from a scientist’s point of view, Dr. Montessori found that development did not occur steadily but rather occurred in phases or planes. Dr. Montessori considered that the change in children, as they moved from one plane to another, was so profound that it resembled a rebirth.


Each plane or phase of development lasts for approximately six years: infancy (0 to 6), childhood (6 to 12), adolescence (12 to 18), and adulthood (18 to 24). The turning point around age six is when children move from infancy into childhood, around age twelve they move from childhood into adolescence, and around fifteen young adults feel more settled, stable, and confident in themselves.


Biological Changes


Biologically, considerable hormonal changes are happening during these two transition times in children’s lives. While our society generally recognizes the biological shifts as young people move into adolescence, we are less well-versed about what happens in our six-year-olds. 


It doesn’t take much, though, to realize change is afoot! Think about what we see in terms of dramatic physical changes around age six: their teeth start to fall out, their hair gets coarser, they lose that baby-soft skin, and they become leaner and lanky. Similarly, our twelve-year-olds are on the brink of adolescence, another period of dramatic physical growth and change. Our fifteen-year-olds are learning who they are as individuals and crave social independence.  


However, there can be a gap between these physical signs of maturity and the cognitive and emotional development happening for our six-year-olds and twelve-year-olds. Often children at these ages are moved too quickly into an environment that doesn’t meet their needs and doesn’t honor the internal growth that still needs to occur. When this happens, they lose the environmental stability that allows them to develop a deeper sense of self-confidence and to truly consolidate the intellectual and emotional skills they have been developing over the previous years.


Capstone Years at Wheaton Montessori School


We recognize the importance of these transitional years and intentionally design our classrooms to support our students during this time. The six-year-olds and twelve-year-olds are the oldest in our Primary (Preschool and Kindergarten) classroom and Upper Elementary classroom respectively and fifteen-year-old freshmen are the oldest, by design, in our Adolescent Community. They know the routines and expectations, they have secure relationships, and they get to help others who are newer to the classroom communities. 


Because they aren’t trying to assimilate into a new environment, our six-, twelve-, and fifteen-year-olds can serve as leaders for their mixed-age classrooms. They can focus on challenging work and big personal achievements. By being with their younger classmates, they can see where they have grown up and how they got to where they are now. 


These are the capstone years, the final piece to complete the critical building-up that has been happening during the previous formative years. The level of mastery allows our six-year-old, twelve-year-old, and fifteen-year-old leaders to integrate their social, emotional, and intellectual selves. 


During these capstone years, children gain a sense of self-confidence and self-satisfaction from successfully navigating the bigger projects and bigger conversations. The younger learners in the classroom communities are working toward these capstone capabilities and admire the oldests’ social, emotional, and academic strengths. All of these realizations are within a community of adults and peers who have shared their learning experiences over several years.


By having the opportunity to integrate their learning in a safe, stable, and secure environment, our young learners can do their important work of self-construction. 


Wheaton Montessori School’s carefully designed programs meet each child’s age-specific needs and follow the stages of development identified by Dr. Maria Montessori which research keeps confirming. Completing each program’s cycle is ideal for the development of the person. 


It is never too early to start planning for the next stage of education for your family. Schedule a school tour by clicking this link so you can observe the significance of these capstone years at Wheaton Montessori School.  


Current families are invited to schedule their classroom observation by clicking the green buttons below. See how these capstone years are displayed among our students and you are always welcome to level up!


Adolescent Seminar Observation Ms. Searcy’s Upper Elementary Classroom Observation Mrs. Fortun’s Lower Elementary Classroom Observation Mrs. Mayhugh’s Lower Elementary Classroom Observation Mrs. Berdick’s Primary Classroom Observation Ms. Carr’s Primary Classroom Observation Ms. Chiste’s Primary Classroom Observation Mrs. Rogers’s Primary Classroom Observation
Be Quiet and Sit Still
By Rebecca Lingo February 16, 2026
At Wheaton Montessori School, your child is guided by highly trained professionals who deeply understand child and adolescent development. Every day, thoughtful structures and intentional practices support students in using their intellect, curiosity, time, and choices successfully, so they can grow into capable, self-directed individuals. Dr. Maria Montessori never equated being “good” with silence or stillness. Our teachers do not equate being well-behaved with being quiet and sitting still. In fact, like Dr. Montessori, we believe that movement, communication, and social interaction are essential to learning. When you observe a classroom at Wheaton Montessori School, you’ll see exactly that: children moving purposefully, talking with peers, collaborating, and responsibly managing their academic work throughout the day. What may look like “freedom” on the surface is actually built upon a strong underlying structure. Students experience a sense of choice, what to work on, where to sit, how long to engage, and who to collaborate with, because the environment has been carefully prepared to support those decisions. The Power of Structure and Grace The foundation of our campus is made up of proactive lessons called Grace and Courtesy . These lessons explicitly teach students how to: Set up and return materials Respect others’ space and work Ask to observe a peer’s work Acknowledge feelings and resolve conflict respectfully These shared lessons give everyone a common language and reference point for living and learning together. Older or more experienced students model appropriate behavior, creating classrooms full of young teachers, not just the adults guiding the environment. Students always have opportunities to challenge themselves or to take a healthy break. They work and play with materials they are developmentally ready to use, ensuring success while still encouraging growth. Not a Free-For-All: A Thoughtfully Designed Community Authentic Montessori environments are often misunderstood as unstructured. In reality, our campus is carefully designed to meet the developmental needs of preschool children through high school freshmen. The structure is natural, respectful, and aligned with who children and adolescents truly are. We know learners may still experience frustration, regret, and disappointment at times. Those moments are part of learning. When a child sits beside a teacher to regroup, it may feel like a “time out” to them, but it is actually a moment of support, reflection, and connection within a safe community. When challenging behaviors arise, our teachers respond with empathy and expertise. They understand that all behavior communicates a need. Rather than relying on rewards or punishments, teachers may guide a child toward a break, offer work that better meets their developmental needs, or help them return to a centered and purposeful state. Growing Self-Discipline From the Inside Out At Wheaton Montessori School, self-discipline and regulation develop through meaningful activity. Expected behavior grows through practice within a warm, structured community. Curiosity sparks interest, interest fuels focus, and focus leads toward mastery. This process contributes to valorization, your child’s growing sense of confidence, capability, and belonging. Children who feel balanced and respected naturally behave with greater care for themselves, others, and their environment. This sums up Dr. Montessori’s limits in three rules: care for yourself, care for others, and care for your surroundings. The true outcome of this work is human development: your child and adolescent’s identity, agency, purpose, and love of learning. When they understand big ideas and see themselves as capable contributors, they grow in ways that last a lifetime.
Materials Spotlight: Sandpaper Letters & Moveable Alphabet
By Rebecca Lingo February 9, 2026
Unlocking Literacy the Montessori Way At Wheaton Montessori School, Montessori literacy materials like Sandpaper Letters and the Moveable Alphabet provide hands-on experiences that connect sounds, symbols, and meaning, building the foundation for confident reading and writing. These materials help children translate the words they hear into the symbols they see, developing strong neural pathways for literacy while fostering independence and a love of language. In this blog, we explore how Sandpaper Letters and the Moveable Alphabet guide children from sound awareness to word building, creating a joyful approach to early literacy. Sandpaper Letters The Sandpaper Letters incorporate decades of insight into how children truly learn to read and write. Sandpaper Letters embody the Science of Reading—connecting sound, symbol, and meaning through hands-on learning and building strong neural pathways for literacy. These timeless Montessori principles continue to align beautifully with what modern science confirms about how your child’s brain learns best. Moveable Alphabet Before handwriting comes word building! The Moveable Alphabet lets your children ‘write’ their thoughts with letters long before they can hold a pencil—bridging the gap between spoken and written language. With literacy materials like the Moveable Alphabet, children communicate their thoughts by building words with cut-out letters—translating the sounds they hear into symbols they can see. This powerful step develops the foundation for reading and writing, helping children understand that words are made of sounds and that sounds can be represented with letters. Because our teachers base every lesson on development, writing comes first—because it’s easier to build words from sounds than to read or decode someone else's written thoughts. Our literacy approach at Wheaton Montessori School is designed to meet each child where they are, providing hands-on experiences that foster confidence, independence, and a lifelong love of reading and writing. From Sandpaper Letters to the Moveable Alphabet, every tool and lesson helps children connect sounds to symbols, build words, and discover the joy of language.